One of the numerous methods recently employed to study the health of structures is the identification of anomaly in data obtained for the condition of the structure, e. g. the frequencies for the structural modes, stress, strain, displacement, speed, and acceleration) which are obtained and stored by various sensors. The methods of identification applied for anomalies attempt to discover and recognize patterns governing data which run in sharp contrast to the statistical population. In the case of data obtained from sensors, data appearing in contrast to others, i. e. outliers, may signal the occurrence of damage in the structure. The present research aims to employ computer algorithms to identify structural defects based on data gathered by sensors indicating structural conditions. The present research investigates the performance of various methods including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), Manhattan Distance, Curve Fitting, and Box Plot in the identification of samples from damages in a case study using frequency values related to a cable-support bridge. Subsequent to the implementation of the methods in the datasets, it was shown that the ANN provided the optimal performance.

The effect of pressure screening fractionation of OCC pulp on several conventional pulp fiber structural defects such as curl and kink indices evaluated in this research. Aperture velocity and volumetric reject ratio were considered as variable parameters of screening operation and eight trials totally conducted in this work. Curl and kink indices and total kink angle of feed, accept and reject ratio of pulp fiber determined using fiber quality analyzer (FQA). The results of this study showed that pressure screening increased pulp fiber structural defects. Also, it was found that curl and kink indices and total kink angel of pulp fiber increased as aperture velocity raised but, change in volumetric reject ration didn’t considerably affect structural indices. Refining process of long fiber fraction had an affirmative role on decreasing of fiber structural defects. According to the results of previous works that introduced refining as a suitable device to pulp fiber fibrillation of OCC pulp and findings of this study, refining could be strongly recommended for OCC pulp improvement.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of structural defects on the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. During the growth process and functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the Carbon-Carbon bonds in their nano-structure are broken. To evaluate the influence of this defect on the Young’s modulus of CNT, the number of broken C-C bonds, distribution and their arrangements in the nano-structure of CNT are all treated as random parameters. In this study, the finite element model of the CNT is built using nanoscale continuum mechanics approach and then structural defects are applied randomly. The Young’s modulus of two defect types, known as Stone - Wales and Vacancy are investigated. The results reveal that the influence of Stone – Wales defect on the Young’s modulus of CNT is much less than that of Vacancy one. Moreover, a linear decrease in Young’s modulus with respect to the increase in defect density is observed. In contrast to the available researchers in open literature, three parameters consisting of the number, distribution and arrangement of defects are modeled on the basis of full stochastic simulation.

Phononic crystals are inhomogeneous structures which are created by periodic arrangement of inclusions in an elastically different host material. By removing of a row of inclusions, phononic crystal waveguide can be obtained. In this research, effects of structural defects on a phononic crystal heterostructure waveguide have been investigated. The heterostructure is composed of square and triangular phononic crystals (periodic arrangement of steel inclusions in epoxy host). To analyze the structure, displacement based finite difference time domain method has been used. The simulation shows that a stub attached vertically to the heterostructure waveguide induces dips in the transmission spectrum. Also, the frequency range of the transmission was limited to a narrow frequency domain of 104 Khz in the cavity-containing waveguide. Finally, the simulation showed that the effect of the cavity that is inserted at the side of the waveguide is insignificant.Phononic crystals are inhomogeneous structures which are created by periodic arrangement of inclusions in an elastically different host material

Nano fillers are part of new studies to enhance various properties of fluids and solids. For example, adding nanoparticles as an enforcement in nanocomposites or as an additive to improve thermal or electrical properties in nano-fluids are of extreme importance in science and industry. There are numerous methods to uniformly disperse nanoparticles in fluid and solid phase. One of the well-used techniques is utilizing ball mills. Milling method is treated widely to uniformly disperse Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) in solid or fluid state materials. However, the issue is that this method abolishes some part of CNTs' structure. As a result, this defect adversely decreases the improvement of designated properties. In this research, two methods of milling conditions have been analyzed to find out their impacts on CNTs' structure. The first method is milling Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) in ambient temperature. On the other hand, in the second method the temperature dwindled to-196° C by Retsch new generation ball mills (Cryo-mill). This apparatus flows liquid nitrogen (LN2) around the shaking jar and decreases the temperature as low as-196° C. To analyze the impact of these methods of milling on MWCNTs, Field Emission Gun-Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph, X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis are scrutinized on MWCNTs’ structure. In conclusion, all the aforementioned experiments provide sufficient support to implicitly convince that cryo-milling method has less defective impact on initial MWCNTs.

Borophene is a monolayer of boron atoms with many allotropes. The electrical and mechanical properties of  12 borophene are investigated using density functional theory.  12 borophene has an orthorhombic lattice with five boron atoms in a unit cell. We calculated the critical strain and ultimate stress of the sheet. The calculated critical strain is 0. 18% in the x-direction with the ultimate stress of 18. 87 N/m while the critical strain is 10% and 12% for uniaxial strain along y and the biaxial strain, respectively. Young’ s modulus of the sheet is 180 N/m in the x-direction and 203 N/m along the y one. structural defects reduce the mechanical ability of the sheet, and this reduction is strongly dependent on the position of the removed atoms and their density.

BiVO4 thin films with thickness of ~ 1.3 μm were deposited on ITO substrate via pulsed-spray pyrolysis deposition. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that BiVO4 layers have been crystallized in tetragonal scheelite phase with average crystallite size of ~ 16 nm. According to UV-visible absorption spectra, a band gap energy of ~2.47 eV was determined for the synthesized layers. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that a porous BiVO4 structure with average pore diameter of ~ 162 nm and worm-like fine particle diameter of ~ 208 nm has been synthesized. Oxygen vacancies have been induced into the layers via an electrochemical reduction treatment (ET). This employed process increased the surface-related capacitance by about 6 times. A double charge transport resistance and half capacitance for Helmholtz layer was determined after ET, indicating electron transfer from space charge layer to Helmholtz layer upon ET. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was found that effective charge carrier life time inside the BiVO4 thin films increased to ~25 ms which is 2-fold longer than the time before electrochemical reduction treatment.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.